The absolute democratic republic

(Updated on February 10, 2025)

  People compared with some other categories likes to emphasize the fact that it is composed of numerous persons, thus the intelligence formed by the totality of the people becomes a dominant factor of choice ; but the problem is that intelligence is not the same in all the people, according to what some choices prove logically to not be able to go always really in the sense of the interest of the country in the long term, and risk even according to the majority to let a bit too much sensuality be installed and then corruption to the detriment of the intellect ; and this even if the government is trying to push at the maximum the abilities of the citizens in order to assume their legislative activity, because the pressure thus formed can become too much constraining for some persons, who risk to want to install a less constraining communism (which can be facilitated by the consumption of alcohol or other substances by leaders, because their intelligence then descends, approaching that of the people) ; moreover relatively to abilities, in the common education an intellectual and moral hierarchy appears, it should be then a minimum respected in order to make the choices. About the choices they are used at first for electing some leaders by the intermediate of the universal suffrage, after they can be applied to the different powers ; but the people is generally not holding the three powers in a direct manner, it participates in the legislative one and it is especially in this case that it is important to do some shades in the ability to evaluate a law and its consequences ; otherwise the general will is generally not participating in the judicial power, nonetheless in a particular manner some persons of the people can be chosen in order to be jurors, and if there is a nobility and a clergy the people is considered by the origin of certain judges ; finally for the executive power the general will elects the leader corresponding to this power according to this person’s program, who chooses after some representatives, nonetheless some referendums can take place in order to consult the people ; otherwise the general will on the top of that can be divided according to the territory in order to choose more or less directly some representatives of the executive power who can be the leaders of some administrative divisions like towns and other subnational entities.

Republic

(Updated on January 27, 2025)

  Normally it rejects the choice of the leader relative to heredity and wealth, in order to make prevail the free will, so reflection, but which has to be moral in order to be really suitable (and must therefore go in the direction of good health which can revalue heredity and therefore the conservation of the potential for reflection), thus the universal suffrage becomes the tool for choosing ; also the importance of the morality makes that a real social contract is creating (between each one and the others) in order to maintain it as good as possible ; after the people and those who come from it participate particularly in the reflections of the state, what depends on how they are accompanied if we consider the distribution of the different powers (see “The Spirit of Laws”, book 11, by Montesquieu).

The constitutional monarchy

(Updated on January 13, 2025)

  At this stage there is an order which is installed between several dominant families which form the nobility and a possible clergy, thus the court is structuring in an organized manner and there are some places already definite in their functions, according to what the powers can be separated and shared more easily ; thus the principles are preserved and the decisions discussed ; generally thanks to vote and not to heredity the people also has its representatives though they can not try to make believe in a divine right being able to justified anything (which can be found if a noble is not competent). After a parliament can be organized in order to share out the legislative power ; thus the dialogues increase and intelligence can compete with heredity (which can nevertheless serve to preserve this intelligence).


This manner to lead could come differently that with the organization of the power after an invasion, if we imagine an organization by the grouping of families of which the proximity increases always, and which possess as well between them some links of family, but at the basic stage it is often violence which solves the problems, what lets presume some streaks with tyranny.

The absolute monarchy

  The power in this case is very arbitrary because generally the powers are not separated and not much shared, but compared with tyranny there are more already established principles that the leader respect for this one’s appointment and in order to work out this one’s judgment, moreover there is a court present traditionally in order to orient this one’s decisions, though the persons being part of it can be there for some arbitrary reasons ; what can be because of an order which is still not well established or because of the corruption of the monarch. This way to lead can follow easily the tyranny, thus the tyrant, would make appoint for coming after this one a person of this one’s descendants whom would make continue to be some acquired principles, order which would be propagated in the latter’s entourage ; moreover the wealth according to the enrichment of the successive generations by their domination, would become as important as the warlike spirit. Otherwise this manner to lead could as well come from the corruption of the constitutional monarchy.

Monarchy

  Power in this case is less arbitrary that for tyranny, because it possesses some respected bases, in order to take the decisions ; as well according to this manner to lead, the powers are more or less shared and separated [1]. Otherwise in this type of government heredity and wealth are some determining factors, even if there can be some elections, because the choice of the different candidates for the throne is done generally by the link of family [2], there can be as well some combats for the throne but the noble origins are still present, as for William the Conqueror.


[1] : See “The Spirit of Laws”, book 11, by Montesquieu. \ [2] : See book 21, chapter 17, of the work cited previously.

Tyranny

(Updated on January 6, 2025)

  In this case one can find the most arbitrary manner to lead, because the order of truth is injured by the desires of the sovereign who does not respect any precept of law if that does not suit this one ; it is an order which uses easily force, it can then logically follow an invasion by some barbarous warriors, or the fact that a part of the people be rebelled in order to satisfy its vices by force and not in order to improve the order in the country for being closer to truth, or follow the rebellion of a king, but it can as well occur in some cases of urgency [1] (as for the short dictatorship for helping good). In this case the established rules and the part of intelligence do not have an important role (what does not exclude a minimum of reflection and that a smart leader will do things better), because the leader is not becoming attached to any already established principle because generally this one has obtained the place by force or with the acknowledgment for some brutal doings, and thus this one is not disheartened to force the order ; moreover excesses are facilitated by the fact that the sovereign possesses all the powers, so the legislative one, the judicial one and the executive one. And for the too much complicated choices in order to know where the interests are this one takes often an intelligent person under control for having some advices [2], without all the same giving to this person too much power. This is at the limit of an advanced manner to lead, because rules having not a lot of importance, the arrangement in an advanced structure of inhabitants also ; this type of leader has then to be transitory or this one is going against progress, and especially the possibility to assume certain conditions of life.


[1] : See “Two Treatises of Government” by Locke, chapter 11, section 139 ; and “The Spirit of Laws” by Montesquieu, book 2, chapter 3. \ [2] : See the same work by Montesquieu, book 2, chapter 5.

The advanced groups

(Updated on December 26, 2024)

Once the stability installed in a population of which the density limits the actions, intelligence is expressed more largely with permitting order, and security relatively to some civilizations of the same type. Thus there are different manners to lead some groupings in countries, and in the simplest systems there are tyranny and the absolute monarchy, next some constitutions are coming in order to be the closest to the order of truth (laws, merit…) so to avoid at the maximum the errors and their unpleasantness ; and the intelligence showing its power the links of family are enough weakened (if good health has not allowed a possible good hereditary transmission of intelligence) in order to allow that it takes precedence more and more, until the arrival of republic (if hereditary power is no longer credible perhaps because of an alteration of heredity and therefore of skills by alcohol or other), without all the same making forget the responsibility of the family ; nonetheless the will-power to have some wealth and its power is maintaining a pressure in the other direction. But in republic rotten intelligence (possibly due to alcohol consumption or other) can make doubt about its utility relating to the people and thus develop a communism where the kinds of persons are more mixed (or give back some importance to the links of family by going backward, but with alcohol or something else, therefore with an alteration of intelligence and heredity) ; though one have not to reject the fact that a moral intelligence be ready normally to bring a minimum of resources to each one, what is consolidating the union by the part of serenity received, which will bring some as well in exchange by a fall of aggressiveness and offenses, which are justified by survival. Intelligence in order to enhance its value has then to be used morally, and if in a republic intelligence is established with good health and therefore a good heredity, power could evolve towards a more hereditary regime considering that this regime could be natural to humanity, therefore in accordance with its well-being, which from a moral point of view is positive.