The absolute monarchy

  The power in this case is very arbitrary because generally the powers are not separated and not much shared, but compared with tyranny there are more already established principles that the leader respect for this one’s appointment and in order to work out this one’s judgment, moreover there is a court present traditionally in order to orient this one’s decisions, though the persons being part of it can be there for some arbitrary reasons ; what can be because of an order which is still not well established or because of the corruption of the monarch. This way to lead can follow easily the tyranny, thus the tyrant, would make appoint for coming after this one a person of this one’s descendants whom would make continue to be some acquired principles, order which would be propagated in the latter’s entourage ; moreover the wealth according to the enrichment of the successive generations by their domination, would become as important as the warlike spirit. Otherwise this manner to lead could as well come from the corruption of the constitutional monarchy.

Monarchy

  Power in this case is less arbitrary that for tyranny, because it possesses some respected bases, in order to take the decisions ; as well according to this manner to lead, the powers are more or less shared and separated [1]. Otherwise in this type of government heredity and wealth are some determining factors, even if there can be some elections, because the choice of the different candidates for the throne is done generally by the link of family [2], there can be as well some combats for the throne but the noble origins are still present, as for William the Conqueror.


[1] : See “The Spirit of Laws”, book 11, by Montesquieu. \ [2] : See book 21, chapter 17, of the work cited previously.

Tyranny

(Updated on January 6, 2025)

  In this case one can find the most arbitrary manner to lead, because the order of truth is injured by the desires of the sovereign who does not respect any precept of law if that does not suit this one ; it is an order which uses easily force, it can then logically follow an invasion by some barbarous warriors, or the fact that a part of the people be rebelled in order to satisfy its vices by force and not in order to improve the order in the country for being closer to truth, or follow the rebellion of a king, but it can as well occur in some cases of urgency [1] (as for the short dictatorship for helping good). In this case the established rules and the part of intelligence do not have an important role (what does not exclude a minimum of reflection and that a smart leader will do things better), because the leader is not becoming attached to any already established principle because generally this one has obtained the place by force or with the acknowledgment for some brutal doings, and thus this one is not disheartened to force the order ; moreover excesses are facilitated by the fact that the sovereign possesses all the powers, so the legislative one, the judicial one and the executive one. And for the too much complicated choices in order to know where the interests are this one takes often an intelligent person under control for having some advices [2], without all the same giving to this person too much power. This is at the limit of an advanced manner to lead, because rules having not a lot of importance, the arrangement in an advanced structure of inhabitants also ; this type of leader has then to be transitory or this one is going against progress, and especially the possibility to assume certain conditions of life.


[1] : See “Two Treatises of Government” by Locke, chapter 11, section 139 ; and “The Spirit of Laws” by Montesquieu, book 2, chapter 3. \ [2] : See the same work by Montesquieu, book 2, chapter 5.

The advanced groups

(Updated on December 26, 2024)

Once the stability installed in a population of which the density limits the actions, intelligence is expressed more largely with permitting order, and security relatively to some civilizations of the same type. Thus there are different manners to lead some groupings in countries, and in the simplest systems there are tyranny and the absolute monarchy, next some constitutions are coming in order to be the closest to the order of truth (laws, merit…) so to avoid at the maximum the errors and their unpleasantness ; and the intelligence showing its power the links of family are enough weakened (if good health has not allowed a possible good hereditary transmission of intelligence) in order to allow that it takes precedence more and more, until the arrival of republic (if hereditary power is no longer credible perhaps because of an alteration of heredity and therefore of skills by alcohol or other), without all the same making forget the responsibility of the family ; nonetheless the will-power to have some wealth and its power is maintaining a pressure in the other direction. But in republic rotten intelligence (possibly due to alcohol consumption or other) can make doubt about its utility relating to the people and thus develop a communism where the kinds of persons are more mixed (or give back some importance to the links of family by going backward, but with alcohol or something else, therefore with an alteration of intelligence and heredity) ; though one have not to reject the fact that a moral intelligence be ready normally to bring a minimum of resources to each one, what is consolidating the union by the part of serenity received, which will bring some as well in exchange by a fall of aggressiveness and offenses, which are justified by survival. Intelligence in order to enhance its value has then to be used morally, and if in a republic intelligence is established with good health and therefore a good heredity, power could evolve towards a more hereditary regime considering that this regime could be natural to humanity, therefore in accordance with its well-being, which from a moral point of view is positive.

Mixture of styles

(Updated on December 16, 2024)

According to the relief and the climate there are some styles of life which resist more to the organization coming from the increase of a settled population, like fishing on coasts, the pastoral breeding in mountains, warlike culture where climate makes the life too much unpleasant (but progress also applies to these lifestyles) ; the stabilization is then occurring in plains and the fertile valleys, but this stabilization allows as well the division of the activities by settling some rules of exchange, thus these rules can spread and apply to the groups living according to some different styles of life ; knowing that the agreements with some warriors can assure the peace with them and the security relatively to some other groups of warriors, also considering regardless of the contribution of these groups that there are always some not much favored persons in the population who are ready to fight in order to have something, without forgetting in the event of a problem those who want to defend what they have, of which the common advantages.

Cultivators / breeders

In this case we presume that there is already a quite important population because there is a lot of regularization in order to assure the most possible of productivity on a same area ; this leading to an industrial logic. In this situation the breeding of the beasts is not exactly like with pastors because a part of the cultures will be able to be used in order to feed them, with allowing to move less and to vary the breedings. At this level of stability the things are well settled, and the rules have then more easiness to spread, as well the distributions of activities and the organization of exchanges are done more easily ; thus the education is more advanced according to the quantity of the things to know, what in order to facilitate the memorization pushes to develop writing, which helps to install a common memory useful in order to affront some facts which occurred in a cyclic manner with a possible difference of several generations between two apparitions. Intelligence becomes then more in demand because it allows often a lesser effort which is to think for a greater good which is to be able to avoid some hostilities and other problems ; it is then a moral tool which allows to develop ethics, but there are also some risks of deviation because its too much negatively selfish use can lead to sophism, nonetheless in this case problems are not avoided in an optimal manner, because there is the pressure of vengeances.

The pastoral persons

It would be normal that in order to avoid the problems of the migration of the chase between some different territories and even in order to not have to do some too much important moves to follow it, there be some who capture and tame some animals in order to be ensured of the possession of their resources, without having to move too much, knowing moreover that it is unpleasant for one to leave a place where this one has its landmark in order to be in harmony with its environment. Obviously it has to be possible for the livestock to graze, but this allows to be more sedentary, and does not need a lot of rules, it is especially important to consider the distribution of meadows ; thus for a people living especially in this manner a lot of surface for the beasts is needed, so few pastors, hence a small group ; for example as rules there should be an union for the protection of flocks against robbery, and the attacks of the wild beasts, and an organization for the move of the cattle. This kind of organization is adapting easily to mountain because it is difficult to work with this land and to move on it in order to chase, nonetheless it gives some pasturage allowing a durable dairy production.